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, , and Toxin in Long-Term E- and Users: A Cross- Study

使用电子香烟和尼古丁替代疗法的人群中，尼古丁、致癌物和毒物的暴露情况：横断面研究

10.7326/M16-1107

2017-03-21,

& :

:

: Given the rapid in the of e- and the of - data, the need to the risks of long-term use is .

: To to , - , and among of only, with long-term e- use only, with long-term (NRT) use only, long-term dual users of both and e-, and long-term users of both and NRT.

: Cross- study.

: .

: The 5 were : -only users, with long-term (≥6 ) e--only or NRT-only use, and long-term dual -e- or -NRT users (n= 36 to 37 per group; total n= 181).

: and were . urine and and were for of , - N- (TSNAs), and (VOCs).

: After were for, no clear -group in or of were found. The e--only and NRT-only users had lower for TSNAs ( the 4-()-1-(3-)-1- [NNAL]) and VOCs ( of the ; ; ; 1,3-; and oxide) than -only, dual -e-, or dual -NRT users. The e--only users had lower NNAL than all other . -only, dual -NRT, and dual -e- users had of TSNA and VOC .

: Cross- with self- .

: with long-term e--only or NRT-only use may of with of only, but . Long-term NRT-only and e--only use, but not dual use of NRTs or e- with , is with of and to only .

: UK.

First :

Lion

:

Lion

All :

Lion , L , C ,Jamie Brown,Ann ,K Udeni Alwis,June Feng, Wang, West